The "incomplete" 360-degree orbit of the Earth around the Sun

(Based on the original German article by Karl-H. Homann)

The still disputed question is, “Is the tropical year or the sidereal year the true 360° orbit?”
The following simple 360° equation refers to a fixed sun and a fixed star: n × t1 = (n + 1) × t2

I. Trop. 360°: 365.24219878 × 86400 s = 366.24219878 × 86164.09054 s = 31556925.97 s
II. Sid. 360°: 365.256361 × 86400 s = 366.256361 × 86164.09966 s = 31558149.59 s

The crucial difference between the 360° tropical and the 360° sidereal equation is the 9.12 ms difference, which exists between t2 trop and t2 sid.

In the first case the rotational axis of the Earth is fixed and in the second case it precesses, whereby a full 360° orbit of the Earth results in a difference of approx. 3.34 s relative to the fixed star (9.12 ms x 366 rotations).

We begin with equation I which describes a fixed rotation axis of the Earth (no precession). Suppose if we were to suddenly tilt the axis by about one arc-minute, an observer on Earth would be displaced relative to space in such a way that the fixed stars transit his instrument about 3 s later. The same applies for an observer positioned 180° away on the opposite side of the Earth. For him the Sun (if needed, optically reduced in size) transits his instrument also about 3 s later.

But here is the problem. These 3 seconds are nothing more than the accumulated daily time difference of 9.12 ms as shown in equation II (sid. 360°). If the right side of the equation changes by about 3 s, what mathematical law allows the left side of the equation to change by approximately 1200 s?

Let us assume that our sun is fixed and the sidereal year would be the true 360° orbit. It follows that the tropical year is roughly 20 minutes shorter and thus not a complete 360° orbit. This creates further problems.

First of all, there is our Moon. It causes in connection with the Saros cycle solar eclipses which can only occur based on a 360° tropical year. The Saros cycle is 18.6134 tropical years. Already known since Sumerian and Babylonian times it forms the basis for solar eclipse predictions over several hundreds of years.

This implies, however, that not only the synodic lunar month of 29.53058867 days was known, but also the tropical month of 27.32158214 days, as well as the draconic month of 27.212221 days.

Hence, the tropical lunar cycle produces 365.24219878 ÷ 27.32158214 = 13.36826677 rotations in a 360° tropical year, whereas the draconic cycle produces 365.24219878 ÷ 27.212221 = 13.42199149 rotations in a 360° tropical year.

The reciprocal of the difference of 0.05372472 results in 18.613406 calendar years, which correspond in practice with the Saros cycle.

If we substitute the tropical year for the sidereal year of 365.25636042 mean solar days as Earth’s 360° orbit, we get a Saros cycle of 18.612684 calendar years. By replacing the tropical lunar month of 27.32158214 days with the sidereal lunar month of 27.32166137 days, the result would be a Saros cycle of only 18.599260 years.

This clearly proves that the tropical year is indeed the 360° orbit and a sidereal year is therefore, more than 360°. At the same time it proves that our sun is not fixed but moves in space.

It is not any different with the Venus transit cycle. Venus also makes a 360° orbit around the sun and follows, like the rest of the sun’s satellites, its course around its dual. The transit data of GSFC NASA from 6 June 1761 to 6 June 2012 have proven this fact.

Furthermore, the Perseid meteor shower, which occurs regularly around the 11th of August each year, also proves that the 360° orbit of the Earth around the Sun is the tropical year. Every time Earth passes through this shower, we admire this natural phenomenon. The regularity would not be possible if Earth’s tropical year is less than a 360° orbit.

Solar eclipses, Venus transits and the Perseids follow Earth’s 360° orbit, which corresponds almost exactly to our civil calendar. According to the expert that calendar follows lunisolar precession, which causes the orbit of the Earth around the Sun to be less than 360°.

Now it gets complicated, because the calendar cannot do both. Either it is synchronized to a 360° orbit or to an orbit of less than 360°.

Since solar eclipse cycles, the Perseids and Venus transit cycle run in synch with our civil calendar, and are not subject to the Moon’s influence, the lunisolar precession model is false.

According to the theory of lunisolar precession, the Earth wobbles. Over a period of approx. 12900 years the stars change their positions by 47° (declination). The same principle should apply to the Sun, but it doesn’t. Is there a better proof that lunisolar precession is a fantasy produced by astronomers?

Finally, we still have another candidate who does not behave the way astronomers would like it to - SIRIUS. Transit measurements over a period of 6 years have shown that it only deviates by about 5 s from tropical time (calendar time). Any fixed star, regardless of the precession model (i.e. lunisolar wobble or the Sun’s orbit around its dual), migrates (except the "dual") at the current rate of about 50.26" per year. The same should apply to Sirius, if it is a normal fixed star. After 6 years it would require not just an additional 5 s but more than 20 seconds (6 × 3.34 s) Earth rotation time [i.e more than 2 hours (6 x 1223 s) tropical time] to observe Sirius transiting the meridian.